polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which the ovaries secrete abnormally high amounts of androgens (male hormones) that often cause problems with ovulation. Women with PCOS have enlarged ovaries which contain multiple, small cysts. PCOS is also called Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

symptoms

PCOS can be completely asymptomatic. More commonly, the following symptoms are associated with PCOS:

• Weight gain or obesity
• Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) and/or abnormal hair growth patterns
• Irregular periods or complete absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)
• Acne
• Oily skin
• Enlarged ovaries
• Insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia

cause

PCOS is caused by the excessive secretion of androgens (a sex hormone). Many healthcare providers consider PCOS to be a persistent lack of ovulation (anovulation).

treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Insulin resistance also appears to be a factor. High levels of insulin in the blood can contribute to the lack of ovulation and high androgen levels. In mild cases, the healthcare provider may suggest a reduced fat and carbohydrate diet, along with aerobic exercise.

If the PCOS is severe healthcare providers will prescribe drug therapies. Ovulation induction therapy can help the ovaries to release eggs. Steroids such as prednisone and dexamethasone can suppress androgen production. Insulin-regulating drugs such as metformin may correct ovulatory problems.

Some severe cases require surgery. The outer layer of the ovary can become thickened and that may interfere with ovulation. An ovarian wedge resection removes part of the ovary in order to reduce androgen production. Laser ovarian drilling may help thin the outer layer in places.